White Mountain National Forest :: Essays Papers

White Mountain National ForestLegend has it that the White Mountains received their name from early sailing visitors to unseasoned England who saw the distant hundred capped peaks in the distance as the sailed south along the coast. The White Mountain National Forest was established to protect these mountains in 1911. This followed the passage of the Weeks Act, repayable in large part to public outcry, which allowed the federal government to bribe private land East of the Mississippi River to create parks for public use. preceding to the establishment of the White Mountain Forest the area had been utterly ravaged by unrestricted and uncontrolled logging, which spawned massive fires that ripped across the barren landscape. From the original purchase of 7,000 acres in Benton, New Hampshire, the Forest has grown over the years, and now encompasses 800,000 acres. Of this, 112,000 acres ( 15%) have been designated as state of nature. The remaining area is conserved for activities an d uses including recreation, wildlife habitat, water, wilderness and timber. immediately, tree harvesting occurs on only about 0.5% of the forest at any given time. Approximately 29 jillion board-feet of timber are interpreted annually from the forest (1 million board-feet builds about 100 two-thousand square foot homes). Harvesting is selected and carried out carefully to improve recreational facilities, create trails and vistas, improve wildlife habitat and provide wood products. The White Mountain National Forest is also one of the most heavily visited forests in the national system, with over 6 million visitors each year. Visitors enjoy backpacking, swimming, camping, snowmobiling, scenic driving, skiing and dogsledding. The forest is also the home of the states tallest peak, the 6,280 Mount Washington. Mount Washington is the tallest peak in New England and is home to some of the worlds most dangerous weather. Washington, and the rest of the Whites, are cared for by the Appalachian Mountain Club. Founded in 1876, the AMC is the oldest conservation and recreation association in the U.S.. Today the organization has over 87,000 members worldwide. The AMC promotes the protection, enjoyment, and the wise use of the mountains, rivers, and trails of the North-east.

The Dramatic Effect of Act One Scene Five of William Shakespeares Rome

The Dramatic Effect of Act One Scene Five of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In this essay I will explain how Act 1, Scene 5 is dramatically in gist(p). Act 1, Scene 5 is the most important scene in the play because it is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. This play is essentially about two families that are enemies, The Capulets and the Montagues, Juliet is the daughter of Capulet and Romeo son of Montague during the play they fall in love. responsibility from the beginning the prologue tells us this play is a tragedy. We also know Act 1, Scene 5 is dramatically trenchant because we are told when Romeo and Juliet meet they will make out Star crossed lovers We know it is doomed love because it also says Take their life Death-marked love The drama is built up before Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo is keeping to himself and prefers iniquity to day. He is already in love with someone else. Rosaline but she doesnt feel the same. It is sh own in this quotation Well in hit you miss Shell not be hit with cupids arrow The audience is told that Paris wants to marry Juliet but her father disagrees because he feels she is too young, however he invites Paris to the party to win Juliets heart. This is shown by Capulet saying But woo her gentle Paris, get her heart, When Juliet is asked about marriage by Lady Capulet she feels differently It is a awarding that I dream not of. One of the ways Shakespeare makes this scene dramatically effective is by making Romeo discover Rosaline has been invited to the Capulet party. Benvolio urges Romeo to go and they decide to gatecrash the party. ... ...s as Juliet asks the report of two other men before asking for Romeos. The audience feel they are being played by this story unfolding, and are very effective dramatically. There is dramatic irony as the nurse goes to find out Romeos name Juliet says If he be married. The audience know that love ig nore lead to marriage and that can consequence in death for Juliet. Juliet has a dramatic reaction when she finds out Romeo is a Montague My moreover love sprung form my only hate Too early seen unknown, and known too late Juliet has fallen in love with Romeo an enemy of her father. There is Dramatic irony that underlines the dramatic effect of the whole scene. In this essay I have clearly shown the different ways in which Shakespeare has made Act 1, Scene 5 dramatically effective throughout the play.

The Work Of Poet And Philosoher Archibald Lampman :: essays research papers

The Work of Poet and Philosoher Archibald LampmanPoet and philosopher Archibald Lampman (1861-1899) led not a life of hisown, but an existance forced upon him by peers and an unfeeling and cold society.Dying removed before his time, Lampman led a life of misery. He was supported onlyby a few button up friends and his immortal poetry. This essay is founded around singleparticular of his works but I feel it necessary to discuss the conditions inwhich he lived in order to fully understand what he was attempt to express and/orsymbolize.Lampman really hated his day to day life, he lived only for his friends andhis works. Trapped in a city for which he had no love, he often reflected hisloathing of it in his numerous works situated in cities. A lover of nature,Lampmans poems often immediately assumed a tone of life, mirth, and a feeling ofpleasure and warmth the others formed a picture of death, hell, and hate allheld together by the one problem that is always present, Man.With few cl ose friends like Duncan Campell Scott, and other that werepoetically inclinded, Lampman formed a group through-out collage that metfrequently to write and discuss. Close friends like that influenced him towrite such popular pieces as "Heat" and "A sunset at Les Eboulements" and yet inhis darkest moments we get the main topic of this essay "The City of The reverse ofThings". Like most abundant poets, Lampmans moods and feelings had a rail effecton the nature and topic of his poetry. Lampman chief poetry was done after agreat joy in his life, or a great sadness. Sadly, Archibald was not a rich manand lived not a happy life, and most of his poetry reflects that. "The City ofThe End of Things" was written in a time of great sadness and hate for the world.Published one year after his death many people fail to realize the directconnection to themselves in the poem.Lampmans poetry was divided into two moods, saddness and joy, each primarlyinvoled with nat ure or cities. Let us discuss the tools used in "The City ofThe End of Things". Dubed "The Apocalypic City" by Many experts, these mutationsof the apocalypic city shows how much Lampmans visions shifted with his moods.He was passionatly committed to social change, but in extreme he identifiedredemption with inactivate oblivion (N.G Guthrie)The infernal features of the City are so many inversions of the values thatLampmans saw in natural landscape. Its roaring furnaces, its "ceaseless round"

The Internet Has a Negative Impact on American Families Essay -- Argum

The Internet Has a Negative Impact on American Families Does the Internet truly have a negative impact on todays family life? Many say that is most definitely does. Have you ever known someone who is obsessed with the Internet or spends much time on the Internet than they had intended to? You might begin to think they be wedded. Ricco Siasoco defines Internet addiction as a broad term including users addicted to chat rooms, auctions, web surfing, among others. These other Internet addictions may include cyber relationships, gaming, and trading. I have read several articles related to Internet addiction, and can not keep abreast to a conclusion on whether or not it is a true addiction. However, I do believe that the Internet does have a negative establish on American families. There have been many studies performed to research the idea of Internet addiction. It is just like any other addiction, including gambling, alcoholism, and eating dis magnitu des, and all of which annul families in one way or another. Experiments created by psychologists and sociologists to explain the addiction resemble those of pathological gamblers described in the DSM-IV.1 Using that information, a survey was do to determine if users have Internet addiction. The questionnaire includes eight questions such as Do you feel the need to use the Internet with increasing amounts of time in order to achieve satisfaction? and Do you use the Internet as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood? Participants who answered yes to five or to a greater extent of the questions were considered addicted Internet users. One aspect of the Internet that people can become addicted to is Cybersex and Cyber R... ...e), and Stage III Balance (Normal). Some people exactly get caught in Stage I and never move beyond it. They may need some help to get to Stage III, declares Grohol. Internet users are being tested for addiction, because of how it effects their lives. Most people may think that it is not a major issue. However, as you can see, many lives and families are destroyed because of the Internet. Who knows if there will be new laws against chat rooms to stop cyber relationships? Could our government stop online gaming? I dont think people will be able to stop trading online, because of its convenience. This leads me to one last question Will Internet addiction be the next disorder in the DSM-IV? 1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition. 2 http//psychcentral.com/netaddiction/, by John M. Grohol, Psy.D.

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy countermand Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, which results in barrenness and ignorance of substantive human problems. The thought of C. S. Peirce is proposed as a fruitful way of renewing the analytic tradition and obviating these criticisms. While this paper is largely a reflectivity on Hilary Putnams study of the historical development of analytic philosophy, not only can some of its main roots be traced back to Peirce, only also the recent resurgence of pragmatism can be regarded as a pragmatist renovation of the analytic tradition. Further, Peirces thought offers suggestions for tackling some of the most pigheaded problems in contemporary philosophy, thereby enabling us to shoulder once more the philosophical responsibility which has been abdicated by much of twentieth-century philosophy. The most accurate mind of Peirce is to s ee him as a traditional and systematic philosopher, only when one dealing with the modern problems of science truth, and knowledge from a valuable personal bring forth as a logician and an experimental researcher in the bosom of an interdisciplinary community of scientists and thinkers.Most people have never heard of him, but they willW. Percy, The Divided Creature, 80Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, resulting in barrenness and ignorance of real human problems. It is not only the genius loci, nor the echoes of his Sesquicentennial Congress held here in Boston in September, 1989, but inwardly the solemn framework of a World Congress of Philosophy on t... ...s, Cambridge, MA, 1990.H. Putnam, A Half Century of Philosophy, Viewed From Within, Daedalus 126 (1997), 175-208.R. Rorty, Pragmatism, Categories, and Language, Philosophical Review 70 (1961), 197-223.R. Rorty, Consequences of Pr agmatism (Essays 1972-1980), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1982.R. Rorty, Pragmatism as Anti-Representationalism, in J. P. Murphy, Pragmatism from Peirce to Davidson, Westview, Boulder, CO, 1990, 1-6.B. Russell, Wisdom of the West, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959.L. Santaella-Braga, Difficulties and Strategies in Applying Peirces Semiotics, Semiotica 97 (1993), 401-410.W. Spohn, Editorial Note, Erkenntnis 33 (1990) 1-4.L. Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, G. H. von Wright, ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1980.G. H. von Wright, The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Brill, Leiden, 1993.

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy plagiarize Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, which results in barrenness and ignorance of true(a) human problems. The thought of C. S. Peirce is proposed as a fruitful way of renewing the analytic tradition and obviating these criticisms. While this paper is largely a denunciation on Hilary Putnams study of the historical development of analytic philosophy, not only can some of its main roots be traced back to Peirce, notwithstanding also the recent resurgence of pragmatism can be regarded as a pragmatist renovation of the analytic tradition. Further, Peirces thought offers suggestions for tackling some of the most uncompromising problems in contemporary philosophy, thereby enabling us to shoulder once more the philosophical responsibility which has been abdicated by much of twentieth-century philosophy. The most accurate catch of Pe irce is to see him as a traditional and systematic philosopher, however one dealing with the modern problems of science truth, and knowledge from a valuable personal implement as a logician and an experimental researcher in the bosom of an interdisciplinary community of scientists and thinkers.Most people have never heard of him, but they willW. Percy, The Divided Creature, 80Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, resulting in barrenness and ignorance of real human problems. It is not only the genius loci, nor the echoes of his Sesquicentennial Congress held here in Boston in September, 1989, but in spite of appearance the solemn framework of a World Congress of Philosophy on t... ...s, Cambridge, MA, 1990.H. Putnam, A Half Century of Philosophy, Viewed From Within, Daedalus 126 (1997), 175-208.R. Rorty, Pragmatism, Categories, and Language, Philosophical Review 70 (1961), 197-223.R. Ror ty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays 1972-1980), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1982.R. Rorty, Pragmatism as Anti-Representationalism, in J. P. Murphy, Pragmatism from Peirce to Davidson, Westview, Boulder, CO, 1990, 1-6.B. Russell, Wisdom of the West, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959.L. Santaella-Braga, Difficulties and Strategies in Applying Peirces Semiotics, Semiotica 97 (1993), 401-410.W. Spohn, Editorial Note, Erkenntnis 33 (1990) 1-4.L. Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, G. H. von Wright, ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1980.G. H. von Wright, The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Brill, Leiden, 1993.

Brenda C. Seggerman Essay

hemoperitoneum was noted, and approximately 500 mL of blood was rapidly evacuated from the pelvic cavity, as were large clots. sideline this, the bowel was packed away from the pelvic area with packing laps. A retaining retractor was introduced. The leftover fallopian tube was noted. A large tubal ectopic pregnancy was noted, modify approximately the distal half of the fallopian tube.Following this, a Heaney clamp was placed in the mesosalpinx and another curved Heaney clamp was placed in the proximal cheek of the left fallopian tube beyond the area of the ectopic pregnancy. A partial salpingectomy was then performed, removing the portion of the left fallopian tube containing the ectopic pregnancy. Heaney clamps were then replaced with sutures of No. 1 Vicryl. Hemostasis was checked again, and no bleeding was detected. Further evacuation of blood and blood clots was then performed. The right fallopian tube was noted to be covered with adhesions, two tubo-ovarian and tubo-uterine adhesions. The adhesions were then sharply lysed, freeing the right fallopian tube. Hemostasis was checked again. No bleeding was detected.Mild serosal abrasion was noted from the area where the ectopic pregnancy was evidently attached to the bowel. This was not bleeding and was very superficial. Hemostasis was checked, and no bleeding was detected.The peritoneum was then closed continuously with 0 chromic suture. The fascia was approximated with interrupted figure-of-8 stitches of 0 Vicryl, and the unclothe was approximated with the staple gun.OPERATIVE REPORTPatient Name Brenda C. SeggermanPatient ID 903321Date of Surgery 03/27/-Page 3The patient tolerated the procedure well and left the operating room in satisfactory condition. All counts were correct. Blood loss was estimated at 1000 mL, which was replaced with 2 units of whole blood while in recovery.________________________rosemary Bumbak, MDObstetrics & GynecologyRBxx(your initials in lower case)D03/27/-T03/27/-

Housewife vs. Working Women Essay

I watched a debate on the television on this topic. There were two groups who discussed this. Surprisingly, each group had a husband/wife whose spouse was in the other group. This opportunity was too good to be missed, I guess The debate was lively, did not reduce to a wrangling match because of the mediator. He was able to conduct the whole debate very smoothly. Those who do not want their wives to work have no problems if their daughters or sisters work. Why these double standards? Their explanation is till the kids be young they need their mothers. So their wives could hold up jobs after a few years. But they refused to train what these few years are. One bird precious to know how long she was supposed to wait. She was a double post graduate, and professionally qualified. She said her skills would become trim if she waited any longer. She has been waiting for over ten years. Her husband had no answer to her question. One gentleman said his was a transferable job, so he wante d his family to be with him. If his wife was employed, she would stay back, he would have to shift and he would miss out on family life because the children would be with her.It never struck him that she could unceasingly resign her job and joins some concern in the city where he shifted. But he wants to educate his daughter and wants her to join IIM at Ahmedabad. This is his goal in life. When asked if he would allow her to work, he said when she is so qualified, why should he deny her a career? His wife is a rank holder and a qualified person, but he wants her radix. He was asked if in the future a groom wanted his daughter to stay at home, would he agree to this alliance. He said he would refuse. Another gentleman said he did not want his wife to undergo the hassles of managing home and job. The daily hazards of bus/train journey, judge of a workaholic pommel, stress of meeting deadlines, could all be avoided if she stays at home. Also the children, his parents, relatives cou ld all be conducen care of by her. Even if she was voluntary to shoulder the burden of work and home, and was convinced(p) of doing justice to both, he was not convinced.Another lady accused her husband of having got used to having her wait on him eat him his coffee when he comes home, etc. That is the reason why he was loathes seeing her exit up a job. Another gentleman said when a charr is confident of handling both a home and a career, and then she must be encouraged. His wife was completing her higher education and was planning to take up a job. He was very supportive, and felt all husbands must emulate him. According to him, wo men are a capable lot they fag take any amount of changes and tensions and come out smiling. He said they are a lot stronger than men and they are capable of more. So the debate raged and husbands and wives were throwing questions at each other. One lady said she was upset having to leave her child at the crche while she attended office. And any c alls from there, she had to seek permission from her boss and leave. She felt she was being put in a delicate situation. Her husband asked her if he had ever pushed her to work. She declined. He too shared in all the chores, and he too went to the crche whenever he received a call.And he asked her whether she was capable of staying at home at a stretch. She agreed it was not possible. So why was she complaining? All the ladies who wanted to work and were workings were vociferously advocating that women should work. All those who were qualified and who wanted to work should be encouraged. This was their viewpoint. They could not understand why the men folk objected. All those women who felt women should not work said women should learn to manage the family within what their husbands earned. Also it was very stressful to manage both home and career. They felt when they are at home they can take good care of their children, in-laws, parents, and all the guests who arrived. They can co ncentrate on everyones health, and also take active participation in their childrens education. This was their argument. The rebuttal to this was when you have family support, and then a woman can achieve a lot.And there is the concept of shade time. Also those children, whose mothers were working, turned out to be more independent and also aware of their responsibilities. They learned to participate in all the household chores and were proud of their working mothers. The debate rages on. There was even one guy who said 40% of workingwomen were going astray. He was right royally condemned. Even his own group masses were against his remark and he had to apologize. He was ripped apart by the anchor. So, you get all kinds in a debate. This debate is to be continued. Hope to catch it. But seriously, what do you think? Is a woman capable of managing a home and her career? Those men, who feel they are doing a favor to their wives by asking them to be housewives, are they doing it out of selfish reasons or do they feel threatened? Going out to work gives anyone, not only women, a sense of confidence.There are women who have no choice but work. But many ladies also work because they are qualified and have a passion for it. And they do subscribe in useful money, one must admit. Who does not like money? Women are good at multi-tasking. And they can handle wolves, eve teasers, and grouchy bosses. They may be physically weaker, but are emotionally stronger. They will always find a way of handling any crisis. Like a lady on the show said, if necessary they will get up an hour early to accomplish everything. I feel the choice should be given to the lady. If she wishes to work, if she is confident of handling both and if her spouse and family are willing to support her, then she can have a career. It does lead to fulfillment. And with changing times, a lady can also work from home, part time, or flexible hours. So let her choose. Whether she wants to have a career or wan ts to be a housewife.

Islams Early Interactions with Judaism and Christianity

Chantel Hunt MNE 347 Palestinian Studies Bashir Bashir ISLAMS EARLY INTERACTIONS WITH JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY Because of its harsh desert environment, the Arabian Peninsula was left relatively unmolested by the several competing empires that swept through the Fertile Crescent just north of it in the early centuries before Islam. At the beginning of the seventh Century, the twisting and Sassanid empires were embroiled in a 26-year war for supremacy, which had a lasting cultural impact on the Arabs of the Peninsula eventually leading to the emergence and subsequent detonation of Islam into the monotheistic sphere.The interaction Islam had with existing religions led to a unique monotheism better suited to the Arabs, yet still maintained traditional elements with Judaism and Christianity, even enabling it to deterioration under the Abrahamic title. Monotheism was initially introduced through trade. According to Jonathon Berkey, the exchange of people and ideas between Arabs of the i nterior and predominantly Aramaic-speaking inhabitants of Syria was, and had been for centuries, a routine element of life. That exchange touched on religious matters (64). Elements of these religions competed and intermingled with existing Arab paganism and traditions, creating a unique take on the ane matinee idol that was much better suited to the Arabs than the politically-charged imperial baggage of the former(prenominal) traditions. Islam holds many similarities with the religions it sprung from besides its monotheism and devotion to the idea of a true God, yet even these similarities come with a unique Arabian flavor. These include a vaticinator-messenger, a holy book of scripture, and an ancestral link to the Abrahamic line.The idea of a special kind of person able to transcend mortal boundaries to commune with deity and transmit knowledge or specific messages to mankind has been an integral part of the Judeo-Christian experience. There are many prophets throughout Tora h and Old will including Noah, Samuel, and Isaiah. The New Testament continues this tradition with the addition of new messengers from God (though not by the term prophets) such as John the Baptist, Jesus Christ the declared Son of God, and his disciples, the apostles.Islam adds one more prophet to the sceneMuhammad. Islamics view Muhammad as the greatest and last messenger of God. Muhammads message was similar to the previously accepted prophets to turn aside from insincere devotions and to worship the only true God in the right way. Like early(a) Biblical prophets, Muhammads message was initially unpopular towards the masses, necessitating his flight to what became Medina (Esposito chronicle of Islam 8).Despite initial troubles, however, Muhammad gained a considerable following and was able to later turn the tide against his former oppressors, and subdue them in a way no prophet of the earlier traditions was able to do as a political conqueror (Esposito, archives of Islam 8-1 1). Unifying several Arabian tribes created the beginning of an empire that would bring the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires to their knees and open up the spread of Islam to the whole world. Also significant to each Abrahamic denomination was the creation of a holy book.Each consists of compilations of sacred texts, considered to be the spoken communication of God or of his prophets, though the original texts from which our modern ones are comprised of are non-existent today. It is generally assumed by many scholars that each text has likely been through questionable revisions and retellings before getting to us in their current state, but many adherents to Jewish and Christian faiths still view their books as the pure transmitted words of God.The holy book of Islam, the Quran, is also a compilation of revelations regarded as divine, though unlike the other sacred texts, it is only credited to one receiver. According to Muslim tradition, the Quran was preserved in both oral and wr itten formats by Muhammad and his secretaries exactly as he had been given them from Allah, and were compiled in precise order of revelation and in their entirety (Esposito, Islam the Straight Path 137). Yet like its contemporaries, it was not completed in written form while the receiver writer of the revelations lived. The Quran was compiled during the reign of Muhammads third successor, Uthman, leaving a window (admittedly a much smaller one than of the Jewish and Christian texts) where possible changes or mistakes in oral or written transmission may have occurred. In addition to a prophet and a holy book, Islam created a third link with the previous traditions self-aggrandising it a higher sense of legitimacy and authority.Islam claims a direct ancestral link to Abrahamthe great prophet to whom God promised nations of posterity, the land of Canaan and religious stewardship. Judaic and Christian traditions trace their spiritual ancestry to Abraham through Isaac, Abrahams son born to his legitimate wife, Sara. Islam instead, connects their heritage to Abraham through his first son Ishmael, born to Saras Egyptian handmaid, Hagar. Each separate tradition maintains that their particular son of Abraham was the favored son and heir to both the temporal and divine.There are many other similarities Islam has with its quondam(a) brother religions, but it is by no means a copy or mere synthesis of them either. While drawn to many aspects of the new religions that had sifted to them from the north, the Arabs had a substantially different religious, political, and economic environment than origins of Judaism and Christianity, making many doctrines and practices of the religions completely foreign and ill-suited to Arab sensibilities.Islam has many similar components with the other two religions making its association with the other religions under Abraham a commonly accepted one. However, the unique political and spiritual environment of Arabia created unique elements in Islam not to be found anywhere else, and is perchance responsible for its exponential rate it acquired followers. Works Cited Berkey, Jonathan Porter. The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 00-1800. New York Cambridge UP, 2003. Esposito, John L. Islam the Straight Path. New York Oxford UP, 1998 Esposito, John L. The Oxford History of Islam. New York Oxford UP, 1999 *As I could not find the original books to get exact page numbers, I used the page numbers given in our packet of materials instead for those ideas that came from them. 1 . Quran 4719. See also Exodus 203 in the Bible

Explore How Conflict Effects Those Not Fighting in the Conflict Poems

In The Falling Leaves and Poppies, compare the effects conflict has on those not fighting. In Poppies by Jane Weir and The Falling Leaves by Margaret Postgate Cole both poets use a variety of methods to show effects conflict has on those not fighting. drug abuse of construction and language is important in presenting these effects. This essay will explore both poems to analyse the effects of different methods as implemented by the poets. The structure used in the poems along with similes and metaphors to describe the soldiers in both poems give a sad, solemn tone, to show how the poet was effected by conflict.The use of enjambment in The Falling Leaves gives the sense of long pauses and broken thoughts and impressions of the poet showing that it saddens the poet to think of hundreds of soldiers losing their lives in war. In Poppies, All my words flattened, rolled, turned into felt, slowly melting. , is used to show that the step of her son leaving to fight in a war was hard to d evelop and that the words meant nothing as the feeling was too strong to explain in words. The emotion of the poet is clearly described in both poems. I resisted the impulse and I was brave, as I walked with you. Both quotes from Poppies show that although the poet felt employee turnover that her son was going to war, and that she felt he was too young, she furnished her son to do as he wanted. This shows realisation that he had grown up, that it wasnt her decision to allow him to go and that she didnt want to upset him by showing how she really felt. In The Falling Leaves, the poet describes her emotion through the weather. like snowflakes wiping out the noon this shows that she was feeling saddened and upset from what she had seen.Both poems describe the soldiers as innocent. For example, in Poppies, the poets memories of her son were all those of his youth, showing that he was still an innocent child. In The Falling Leaves soldiers are compared to graceful, egg white snowflake s. Like snowflakes falling on the Flemish clay. White is purity, cleanliness, and innocence. This may be emphasising the idea that all soldiers were still children that needed guidance from their parents and were naive and were merely killed as they had little guidance.This idea of innocence could show that the impact on those not fighting was much larger because the soldiers did not deserve to die in the eyes of the poets. However, the soldiers are also described as brown leaves dropping from their tree. This may give the impression that those fighting were not important, just as leaves arent important to a tree. The idea of the brown leaves may mean that they had completed their service and were no longer useful but that it was not an free as new soldiers would replace them.The amount of death is recognised in The Falling Leaves, the soldiers are described as a gallant multitude, generalising considerable number of dead soldiers as one unit. This lessens the portrayed sorrow of those not fighting by making all soldiers faceless and identical. Whereas in Poppies, it is much much personalised, this creates a feeling of grief and shows that the poet thinks it may be harder to cope with the loss of those in war than is portrayed in The Falling Leaves.

Personal and organizational values Essay

What ar somebodyal and organizational economic values?value are one of the most special achievements as human beings. A person acts not just in service to private needs, just now also out of a broader sense of what is distinguished, purposeful and meaningful (Cynthia D. Scott, 1993). Values are the construction blocks of organizational culture. They represent an organizations basic guidelines about what is significant how handicraft is conducted how people relate to one anformer(a) its clients and nodes relationships and its decision make strategies. Values affect every aspect of the organization, and take years, constant attention, and perseverance to change. Values serve to inspire and foster commitment, motivation, innovation and trust around principles of conduct that are held inviolate.They reflect intentions and provide guidance for every action when there is a gap between intentions and reality. When actions do not comply with stated intentions, the gap becomes a sou rce of cynicism and loss of confidence and momentum toward change and innovation. Values are represented in decision making processes, interpersonal interactions, lead actions, reward structures, supervisory styles, and information and control systems. Each plays a role in sustaining the structure of a value, and each serves as a lever of change. To stimulate an organization toward change, we intrinsic minimize or fill the gap between the stated values and value actions (Rodney Napier, 1997).Conflict between personal and organizational values and culturesHow do organizational and personal goals differ? Organizational goals are carefully and logically determined. Frequently, this must be discussed with other people in order to define them exactly. An organizational goal is one that we understand and commit to intellectuality. A personal goal, on the other hand, is a private and often purely emotional commitment (Merrill E. Douglass, 1993). Value conflicts hold up when people are working in a situation where there is a conflict between personal and organizational values. Under these conditions, employee may rush to struggle with the conflict between what they want to do and what they have to do (Diane F. Halpem, 2005).This can be a distracting experience as you face changes, contrasts and a few surprises, and have to make some sense of all this (Henry Tosi, 2000). For example, people whose personal values dictate that it is wrong to lie may find themselves in a job where lying becomes necessary for success. Successful job performance may require a bold lie, or perhaps just a shading of the truth.People who experience such(prenominal) a value conflict get out give the following kinds of comments This job is eroding my soul, or I cannot look at myself in the mirror anymore knowing what Im doing. I cant live with myself. I dont like this. If workers are experiencing this kind of mismatch in values on a chronic basis, the burnout is in all likelihood to ari se. However, a Machiavellian one-on-one, who believes that the end justifies the means, will have a disc over fit with a job in which lying is essential to success and will probably not experience value conflict and many other situations (Diane F. Halpem, 2005).Value-driven managementValue-driven philosophy is designed to develop effective and value-driven leadership at every level in the organization. The decision making and leadership styles of effective business leaders are value-driven men and women who create value for their organizations that goes far beyond mere stockholder value. This is not to suggest that they should disregard profitability as an important corporate goal, but it is instead to state that the monetary bottom lineas a valueis integrated with other value drivers in their leadership behavior. Value Driven counselling and value driven leadership are interactive and synergistic.Value-driven organizations will tend to develop value-driven leaders, and value dr iven leaders will create value over time for their organization and their organizations are becoming more valuable and fulfilled, and continue to grow and thrive throughout their lifetimes. This location is in particular significant in todays growing force of high employment, knowledgeable workers, and the concept of measuring and managing organizational knowledge as intangible financial assets.There are 8 value drivers that impact organizational and individual decision making. These value drivers are to some degree interrelated and overlapping, but in total, they encompass the universe of the organization, combining the home(a) and external variables it must confront throughout its existence external cultural values, organizational cultural values, individual employee values, customer values, supplier values, third-party values, owner values and competitor values. When these value drivers are used systematically and properly in the companys decision processes, and when their ind ividual and corporate impact is weighed and balanced, in organizational decision making, the firm will create value for itself over timeparticularly in the long run (Randolph A. Pohlman, 2000). collegial vs. meritocratic structure of valueBetter fit between individuals and organizations values predicted higher levels of satisfaction and commitment and lower turnover. Leadership organizations have a tough, but not, harsh, view of change. They focus on accountability for actions and give some emphasis to the discussions of goals and means. Although these organizations are still basically compliance-oriented, their documents portray the change process less impersonally and more persuasively, seeking to encourage employees to comply with the requirements rather than simply expecting it. In the meritocratic value structure, this appears to be a much greater emphasis on motivating employees to play a constructive role in change.This emphasis involves explaining both the goals of change a nd the means for bringing it about. Meritocratic structures can be characterized as trying to challenge or energize employees. Change, although difficult, is associated with achieving important goals, and the organization signals that peoples efforts and achievements are recognized and appreciated.This is characterized by themes of striving, effort, goals, achievement, motivation and recognition. Only collegial organizations view change in a positive way and emphasize employee participation. Collegial ones do not challenge their employees to achieve organizational goals instead, they emphasize the benefits change brings to internal and external stakeholders and depict an enthusiastic, responsive orientation to change (Boris Kabanoff, 1995).Entrepreneurial vs. bureaucratic values (differences in social origins, including gender and cognitive ability) Differences in social origins, such as gender and cognitive skills create different sets of belief concerning the qualities of a good j ob. According to Miller and Swanson theory (1958), the theory identifies two major value systemsthe entrepreneurial and bureaucratic. These values are oftentimes merged, and thus form beliefs about the desirable attributes of jobs, by comparing expected returns against expected risks in the search of opportunities for forthcoming economic wellbeing.Some people may embrace either of the entrepreneurial or bureaucratic orientation is determined mainly by entrepreneurial skills and attitudes towards risk, which in turn can be affected by family background, schooling, gender, and cognitive skills. The adult achievements are favored by early family and schooling forces, and the very same personal qualities that give in to advantages for achievement, also creates expressions of preference that favor entrepreneurial type over the bureaucratic job properties.Cognitive ability and gender, being the most coercive sources of variation in job values, are followed by years of schooling. Parent al education, occupational status, self-employment and income all geared towards entrepreneurial over bureaucratic job properties. portentous others influence, educational aspirations and years of schooling, aside from favoring entrepreneurial over bureaucratic values, create a very strong preference for esteem over all other job properties and is significantly related in the value system geared towards achievements (Halaby, 2003).Cultural values on problem solving, teams, gender, stress and morals National culture plays an important role and leads to differences in how problems are solved and in the quality of the solutions. Chinese employees are more likely to delay ratting a manager about a problem until the manager sees the problem on his or her own. The employees are also likely to minimize the seriousness of the problem. In western cultures, managers are more likely to appreciate and give credit to an employee who draws attention to a problem, and therefore, problems are mor e rapidly identified and brought to the attention of management. The dissolvent is that Western managers are more likely to speak directly about the problem. In collectivist cultures, decision making is more likely to rely on consensus while managers from individualist rely more on their own experience and training when making decisions. It is also found that Australians prefer a decision making style based on having a selection choices that require careful individual thought, whereas the Japanese prefers styles that require more references to other people. In Japan, individuals are likely to measure their personal success by the success of their team and organization (Siverthome, 2005).Impact of technology While technology has increased the ability to communicate, one energy question whether it has increased or diminished the capacity to connect with co-workers in the workplace. It is through feeling this connection that we derive our sense of teamwork, community, attachment, and belongingall essential aspects of what humans needs to feel valued, respected and acknowledged. It is these core social and emotional elements that lubricate human beings and keep them going in times of difficulty, be it a personal, professional, or even a national crisis (Lewis, 2006).Dealing with value conflictsWhat can be done to alleviate burnout? One approach is to focus on the individual who is experiencing stress and help him or her to either reduce it or cope with it. Another approach is to focus on the workplace, rather than just the worker, and change the conditions that are causing the stress. The challenge for organization is to identify interventions that target those particular areas (Diane F. Halpem, 2005). What implications these have for managers? Value configurations may motivate and support the organizations coherence, strength, and stability. They also strait managers a framework for conceptualizing the nature and purpose of organizational change. One possible explanation for the high failure rate of company mergers and acquisition is culture incompatibility and culture collisions. (Boris Kabanoff, 1995)ReferencesBORIS KABANOFF, R. W., MARCUS COHEN (1995) Espoused Values and Organizational Changes Themes. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1075-1104.CYNTHIA D. SCOTT, D. T. J., GLENN R. TOBE (1993) Organizational Vision, Values and Mission, Thompson Crisp Learning.DIANE F. HALPEM, S. E. M. (2005) From Work-family Balance To Work-family Interaction Changing The Metaphor, Routledge.HALABY, C. N. (2003) Where Job Values Come From Family and instruction Background, Cognitive Ability, and Gender. American Sociological Review, 68.HENRY TOSI, N. P. M., JOHN R. RIZZO (2000) Managing Organizational Behavior, Blackwell Publishing.LEWIS, G. W. (2006) Organizational Crisis Management The Human Factor, New York, Auerbach Publications.MERRILL E. DOUGLASS, D. N. D. (1993) Manage Your Time, Your Work, Yourself AMACOM American Mangement Association.RANDO LPH A. POHLMAN, G. S. G. (2000) Value Driven Management How to Create and Maximize Value Over Time for Organizational Success, AMACOM American Management Association.RODNEY NAPIER, C. S., PATRICK SANAGHAN (1997) High Impact Tools and Activities for Strategic Planning Creative Techniques for Facilitating Your Organizations Planning Process, McGraw-Hill Professional.SIVERTHOME, C. P. (2005) Organizational Psychology in Cross-cultural Perspective, NYU Press.

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The oddity penalization SOURCE WIKIPEDIA detonating device punishment or the death penalty is a reasoned process whereby a person is put to death by the res overta as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an proceeding. Crimes that can result in a death penalty be known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, liter anyy regarding the head (referring to execution by beheading). 1 Capital punishment has, in the past, been apt by close societies (one notable exception macrocosm Kievan Rus)2 currently 58 nations actively practise it, and 97 countries have abolished it (the remainder have not white plagued it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime). 3 It is a theme of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political id eology or cultural region. In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment. 4 Currently, Amnesty International considers most countries abolitionist. 5 The UN General meeting place has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition. 6 Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the worlds population resilient in countries where executions take place, such as the Peoples Republic of china, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world, which continue to apply the death penalty (although in India, Indonesia and in many US states it is rarely employed).Each of these four nations voted against the General Assembly resolutions. 789101112131415 Contents hide 1 History 1. 1 Ancient history 1. 2 Ancient savor China 1. 3 Middle Ages 1. 4 Modern era 1. 5 present-day(a) era 2 Movements towards humane execution 3 Abolitionism 4 Contemporary use 4. 1 Global distribution 4. 2 Execution for drug-related offences 4. 3 Juvenile offenders 4. 3. 1 Iran 4. 3. 2 Somalia 4. 4 Methods 5 Controversy and debate 5. 1 Human rights 5. 2 Wrongful execution 5. 3 Retribution 5. 4 International views 6 Religious views 6. 1 Buddhism 6. 2 Christianity 6. 2. 1 Roman Catholic Church 6. 2. 2 Protestants 6. . 3 Mormonism 6. 3 Hinduism 6. 4 Islam 6. 5 Judaism 7 See in like manner 8 References 9 Further reading 10 foreign links 10. 1 Opposing 10. 2 In favour 10. 3 Religious views History Execution of criminals and political opponents has been utilize by nearly all societiesboth to punish crime and to suppress political dissent. In most places that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of armed forces arbiter. In some countries sexual crimes, such as rape, adultery, incest and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do spectral crimes such as apostasy in Moslem nations (the formal renunciation of the state religion).In many countries that use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious eccentric persons of corruption are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. 16 Anarchist Auguste Vaillant guillotined in France in 1894 The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system.Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment and execution. Usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice. 17 The rejoinder to crime committed by neig hbouring tribes or communities included formal apology, compensation or kindred feuds. A blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organised religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. Acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and lay down to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished. 18 heretofore, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Severe historical penalties include breaking wheel, boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, disembowelment, crucifixion, impalement, crushing (including crushing by elephant), stoning, execution by burning, dismemberment, sawing, decapitation, scaphism, necklacing or blowing from a gun.The Christian Martyrs Last Prayer, by Jean-Leon Gerome (1883). Roman Colosseum. Islam on the whole accepts capital punishment,19 and the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad, such as Al-Mutadid, were often cruel in their punishments. 20 Nevertheless, tenderness is considered preferable in Islam,citation needed, and in Sharia law the victims family can choose to spare the life of the killer, which is not uncommon. citation needed In the one Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, the fictional storyteller Sheherazade is portrayed as being the voice of sanity and mercy, with her philosophical position being generally opposed to punishment by death. She expresses this through several of her tales, including The Merchant and the Jinni, The Fisherman and the Jinni, The Three Apples, and The Hunchback. 21 The breaking wheel was utilise during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century. Ancient historyElaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included pea ce settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material (for example, cattle, striver) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or blood money or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals.Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the Viking things. 22 Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, trial by combat). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the duel. Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 executions (Bugatti conceive of offer ing snuff to a condemned prisoner). Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969. In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged.These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations. Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slave emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalised the relation between the different classes rather than tribes. The earliest and most famous example is Code of Hammurabi which set the different punishment and compensation according to the different class/group of victims and perpetrators.The Torah (Jewish Law), also known as the Pentateuch (the scratch line five books of the Christian Old Testament), lays down the death penalty for murder, kid napping, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare. 23 A shape up example comes from Ancient Greece, where the Athenian legal system was first written down by Draco in about 621 BC the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though Solon later repealed Dracos code and published new laws, retaining only Dracos homicide statutes. 24 The word draconian derives from Dracos laws. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. 2526 Ancient Tang China Although many are executed in China all(prenominal) year in the present day, there was a time in Tang Dynasty China when the death penalty was abolished. 27 This was in the year 747, enacted by emperor moth butterfly butterfly Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712756). When abolishing the death penalty Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution.Thus depending on the grimness of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the An Lushan Rebellion. 28 At this time in China only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736. 27Ling Chi execution by slow slicing in Beijing around 1910. The two most common forms of execution in China in the Tang menstruation were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against ones parents or grandparents with a magistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and s ell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition.Interestingly, and despite the great discomfort involved, most Chinese during the Tang preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is therefore disrespectful to ones ancestors to die without returning ones body to the grave intact. Some further forms of capital punishment were practised in Tang China, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal. The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod which was common throughout the Tang curiously in cases of gross corruption.The second was truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left wing to bleed to death. 29 A further form of execution called Ling Chi (slow slicing), or death by/of a t housand cuts, was used in China from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905. When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution.Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with nutriment and ale by his keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there. Nearly all executions under the Tang took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the execution had taken place.In Tang China, when a person was sentenced to decapitation for rebellion or sedition, punishment was also imposed on their relatives, whether or not the relatives were guilty of partici pation in the crime. In such cases fathers of the convicted under 79 years of age and sons aged over 15 were strangled. Sons under 15, daughters, mothers, wives, concubines, grandfathers, grandsons, brothers and sisters were enslaved and uncles and nephews were banished to the remotest reaches of the empire. sometimes the tombs of the familys ancestors were levelled, the ancestors coffins were destroyed and their bones scattered. 29 Middle Ages In medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. 30 Despite its wide use, calls for crystalize were not unknown. The 12th century Sephardic legal scholar, Moses Maimonides, wrote, It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single costless man to death. He argued that executing an accused criminal on any thing less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely according to the judges caprice. Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DAs files. Maimonides concern was maintaining democratic respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. 31

A Study on the Victorian Model of Marriage

The overnice Era was a period in level from about 1837 to 1901, during the reign of tabby cat Victoria. It was a time of great growth and strides for England. The country was gaining profits from overseas and industrial improve workforcets were making it easier and more profitable for businesses and for the plate front.The social class mingled with families and income levels became more prominent and defined during this epoch. However, even with alone of the improvements and advancements in industrial and social status, the prudish coupling still remained jolly antiquated, especially when compargond to the groundbreaking spousal model of to mean solar days world.Before a couple decide to get conjoin, they must first strike and obtain a certain level of family status to be able to proceed to marriage. In the 21st century, wad meet, date, fall in love and get married. How they meet varies as well.They could meet at a dance club, Church, work, or even off of a dating sit e on the Internet. In contrast, the straitlaced period looked at meeting a potential spo intention a lot differently. Courtship was considered more a career move than a romantic intermezzo for juvenility men, as all of a womans property reverted to him upon marriage (Courting the Victorian woman, 1).A lot more thought and decision making went into meeting that special someone. The young ladies of the wealthier class who were going to be coming out into the available market would spend months in preparation ahead of time. New outfits had to be purchased, and they would need to invite enough prominent acquaintances to receive the invitations to the beaver events where they could meet the most eligible bachelors.To get ready for courtship and marriage a girl was groomed wish well a racehorse. In addition to macrocosm able to sing, play an instrument and speak a little French or Italian, the qualities a young Victorian gentlewoman needed, were to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion (A Womans Place in Victorian Society, 4). slice searching for a mate, the women are on display, showing off their trump out attributes, qualities and skills that would proclaim her the best wife for a bachelor. Once married, the women then set about on an entirely different exercise in federation.A womans prime use was to bear a large family and maintain a smooth family atmosphere where a man need non bother himself about domestic matters. He assumed his house would run smoothly so he could get on with making money (A Womans Place in Victorian Society, 4).Victorian women were not supposed to have outside employment. Society believed that a womans sole stemma was to take care of home, hearth, children, and to do whatever infallible to help her conserve succeed in his business.The job of a woman was to organize parties and dinners to bring prestige to her husband, making it possible for them to meet new people and establish econ omically important relationships. Her real job was devoting time to the children and maintaining the house (Marriage in the Victorian Era, 2).The modern day woman, in comparison, is usually a working wife and mother. She is give birthed to keep the home, hearth and children together while also earning income, which sometimes may even be the larger income of the household. Todays family almost demands a double income to survive, even comfortably. Although there are still a few women who are roost at home moms, the majority of modern day women have at least a part time job to help supplement the income. While men of the Victorian era expect their wives to stay home and not have a job outside the home, many modern day men actually want and expect their fellow to help financially. Women today have a lot more say in decisions and matters of the home than they did in the Victorian era.A Study on the Victorian Model of MarriageThe Victorian Era was a period in history from about 1837 t o 1901, during the reign of Queen Victoria. It was a time of great growth and strides for England.The country was gaining profits from overseas and industrial improvements were making it easier and more profitable for businesses and for the home front.The social class between families and income levels became more prominent and defined during this era. However, even with all of the improvements and advancements in industrial and social status, the Victorian marriage still remained somewhat antiquated, especially when compared to the modern marriage model of todays world.Before a couple decide to get married, they must first meet and obtain a certain level of relationship status to be able to proceed to marriage. In the 21st century, people meet, date, fall in love and get married.How they meet varies as well. They could meet at a dance club, Church, work, or even off of a dating site on the Internet. In contrast, the Victorian era looked at meeting a potential spouse a lot different ly. Courtship was considered more a career move than a romantic interlude for young men, as all of a womans property reverted to him upon marriage (Courting the Victorian Woman, 1).A lot more thought and decision making went into meeting that special someone. The young ladies of the wealthier class who were going to be coming out into the available market would spend months in preparation ahead of time.New outfits had to be purchased, and they would need to make enough prominent acquaintances to receive the invitations to the best events where they could meet the most eligible bachelors.To get ready for courtship and marriage a girl was groomed like a racehorse. In addition to being able to sing, play an instrument and speak a little French or Italian, the qualities a young Victorian gentlewoman needed, were to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion (A Womans Place in Victorian Society, 4).While searching for a mate, the women are on display , showing off their best attributes, qualities and skills that would proclaim her the best wife for a bachelor. Once married, the women then take on an entirely different role in society.A womans prime use was to bear a large family and maintain a smooth family atmosphere where a man need not bother himself about domestic matters. He assumed his house would run smoothly so he could get on with making money (A Womans Place in Victorian Society, 4).Victorian women were not supposed to have outside employment. Society believed that a womans sole job was to take care of home, hearth, children, and to do whatever necessary to help her husband succeed in his business.The job of a woman was to organize parties and dinners to bring prestige to her husband, making it possible for them to meet new people and establish economically important relationships. Her real job was devoting time to the children and maintaining the house (Marriage in the Victorian Era, 2).The modern day woman, in compar ison, is usually a working wife and mother. She is expected to keep the home, hearth and children together while also earning income, which sometimes may even be the larger income of the household. Todays society almost demands a double income to survive, even comfortably.Although there are still a few women who are stay at home moms, the majority of modern day women have at least a part time job to help supplement the income. While men of the Victorian era expect their wives to stay home and not have a job outside the home, many modern day men actually want and expect their spouse to help financially. Women today have a lot more say in decisions and matters of the home than they did in the Victorian era.Married women had rights similar to the rights of children. A married couple was considered as one person. The husband was responsible for his wife and controlled her.The wife was to obey her husband, and do as he pleased. All property was controlled by the husband. however if a wo man brought personal property into the marriage, the man automatically took control of it. Most women, especially those in the upper class, were not to have a job (Marriage in the Victorian Era, 2).The 21st century woman has a lot more control and rights. She can vote, have her own finances, and even sue her husband for divorce and property. Many of the modern day weddings have even excluded the obey commandment out of their wedding vows.In the Victorian ages, the roles of husband and wife and marriage were all the way defined, with each knowing what was expected of them, not only from their spouse, but from society as well. The modern day marriage model is not so understandably defined and, not surprisingly, causes confusion and debates on just how a marriage should work.An interesting couple from the Victorian era who did not conform completely to societys image of marriage was Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband, Robert Browning. At a time when women were supposed to stay home and make their home, children and husband their only career, Elizabeth Barrett Browning pass much of her time writing.Her husband, instead of being furious and embarrassed, or strictly forbidding her to work, helped and encouraged her with her writings. Laws, social practices and economic structures narrows womens choices for meaningful roles in society.The people of this era emphasized the ideology of the home. They felt it was extremely important for women to preserve the identity of the home (Marriage in the Victorian Era, 2). Although society would have had Mrs. Browning staying home and not working, they still appreciated her writings and her husband encouraged her to succeed.The roles and rules of the marriage model have vastly changed since the Victorian era.The progression from Victorian marriage to modern marriage was a slow process. In the 1960s the devolve onual revolution was a time when women began to exert their power and freedoms more publicly. At this point i n history women were graduation exercise to marry for happiness and not as a result of coercion (Womens History then(prenominal) & Now Marriage, 3).The casual greeting and meeting of the opposite sex does not require seeing each others bank accounts to see if they are a financial match, shopping for the perfect clothes months in advance, or quest such strict guidelines and etiquette as in the Victorian era. Women today are able to make their own choices, manage their own homes and careers and be in a marriage that is a partnership financially and romantically.Works Cited1. Hoppe, Michelle J. Courting the Victorian Woman. December 4, 2008.http//www.literary-liaisons.com/article009.htm2. Marriage in the Victorian Era. December 4, 2008.http//shsaplit.wikispaces.com/Marriage_In_The_Victorian_Era?f=print3. Womens History Then & Now Marriage. December 4, 2008.http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/ulrich/femhist/marriage.shtml4. Thomas, Pauline Weston. A Womans Place in Victorian Society Social andFashion history. December 4, 2008.http//www.fashion-era.com/a_womans_place.htm

Reconstruction: American Civil War and Black Man Essay

What were the objectives and tenacious term effects of Reconstruction on political, economic and social development of the United States? Reconstruction, liter exclusivelyy subject matter the rebuilding of the shattered nation, was a pivotal movement mingled with 1865 and 1877 in which the South was trying to be readmitted into the Union as well as a moment in time where subdueds were attempting to gain a redefined status in American society. The period of reconstruction during the belatedlyr half of the 19th century consisted of deuce primary periods, kn suffer as presidential and radical reconstruction. Each one had its own unique terminals and accomplishments some(prenominal) however making probative advances for both South and the freedmen following the ending of the civil war. Politi heraldy, economically, and socially, America was abnormal substantially in these areas during the Reconstruction era. Although successful in its pursuit of readmitting the South and redefi ning the status of the black serviceman, the great of the two accomplishments for the rural as a unscathed was the rise in importance of the black man in American society.While political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of license, following the end of the civilized War, the South was deva verbalise economically solely head start from almost nonhing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation socially. The vision of immunity during this era was quite controversial during this time, as no single man appeared to have an acceptable and go by definition that applied to the common man. As sexual congressman James Garfield mentioned in 1865, What is freedom? Is it the bare favour of not being chained? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion. The base of freedom meant two separate things for the unobjectionable and black man. Afr ican Americans definition of freedom was based on their experiences as slaves and what they observed around them in what they considered a free society. Public preparation and the sharing of rights and opportunities as other American citizens were some of the ideals that swept through the minds of the formerly previous slaves. total heat Adams, who was an emancipated slave in the state of Louisiana stated, If I cannot do like a white man, I am not free a common theme for all blacks during this redefining stage of the black man. Succession from the Union created a difficult path for the South back into the Union following the end of the courtly War in 1866. One of the mostdifficult objectives for the country as a whole was to gain the cooperation of the South in attempt to redefine the status of the black man a goal that the South clearly and for good reason wanted no part of. Although not blatantly state before civil war broke out between the North and South, the war was fought o ver the pass of slavery. Therefore, as the North requested the Souths cooperation in honoring the goals and motives of this movement, there was an almost judge surge in opposition from those below the Mason-Dixie line. Social developments among the black communities created lasting effects upon American high society which has lasted more than a century.Institutions like churches became centers for schools and social events, and almost a century later became strongholds for speeches that propelled the civil rights movement. The for the first time black universities began to spring up across the country suck as Fisk University in Tennessee, Hampton University in Virginia, and Howard University in Washington D.C. Black family life which previously never existed came into existence. These social advances sparked the political and economical changes that would soon follow. presidential Reconstruction, 1865 through 1867, consisted of a series of proclamations that had one goal, to reu nite the nation. The man behind all the attend toion, chairwoman Andrew Johnson, capital of Nebraskas successor, became the man in charge of the restoration of the Union. Although President Andrew Johnson once supported emancipation under Lincoln, this would soon change as he came into power.With the objective of admitting the South back into the Union, the president restored political and station rights through a series of pardons to all white greyers who agreed to take an jinx of allegiance. Even though this pardon was meant to exclude leaders of the once confederates and pissed planters, they were in like manner given the opportunity to take an oath of allegiance. Furthermore, President Johnson appointed provisional governors to call state conventions that would create loyal governments. Unfortunately, these loyal governments would become mainly infested with confederate leaders. The only rules that the South was required to abide by was the abolishment of slavery, reuni te with the unification, and pay confederated debt. moreover in turn, the president allowed the recent governments to manage their local affairs foreshadowing a disastrous chance for the freedom movement of the black man. Soon after the end of the Civil War in 1865, Frederick Douglas said, slaveholding is not abolisheduntil the black man has the ballot.Political participation became one of the leading goals for blacks, who thought and believed was a significant part of the overall definition of freedom. Having agreed to allow local governments in the South to govern their own affairs, this created a wall of opposition to this objective of political participation. Black codes, put into effect by southern governments to regulate blacks lives applyed legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts. At the same time the black codes denied blacks ballot rights and the ability to testify against whites in courts ultimately creating a greater divide not on ly between the North and the South, that the North and the President of the United States. even, the ratification of the fourteenth amendment following the passing of the Civil Rights Bill in April of 1866 put citizenship into effect for all Americans, requiring the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans.This amendment stated that any state that denied the right for blacks to vote would have their representation in Congress reduced. This did not grant blacks the right to vote, however put political democracy in favor of the black community. The Reconstruction constitute of 1867 marked the end of Presidential Reconstruction, and marked the beginning of a new period called Radical Reconstruction. This act along with the Tenure of Office Act, were just few of the political moves by Congress which characterized this time period. However most significant was the fifteenth amendment which under President Ulysses Grant in 1868 made it illegal to resist the right to v ote based on race, literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes. By 1870, the desire to have all states readmitted to the Union was completed.A few years previous of this, new state constitutions slowly started to form. Under these new state constitutions, the first established state-funded systems of free public reproduction, prisons, orphanages, and institutions for the insane came to be. Further political action that stirred American society which in some way or another has left an repair on society today is the Freedmens Bureau. This agency created in March of 1865 was put into place by Congress to establish schools, help the needy, settle disputes between blacks and whites, and in the end maintain equal treatment for blacks and those loyal of the union in front of the courts. This bureau had a lasting impact, creating an astounding 3,000 schools, and ran hospitals that had been put into placeduring the war. In addition, tightly fitting to 250 blacks took office during the Reconstruction eon, marking a change in the direction of politics of the country as a whole. Following the end of the Civil War, the South was devastated economically.Numerous short-term effects became prominent, such as the situation with share cropping and the crop-lien system two systems in which the black man as well as the white man came out as losers. However, due to the tremendous devastation that did take place railroads began to filter the South where investors and merchants took advantage of the ongoing situation. With the growing presence of the railroad companies in the South and their rapid expansion, towns and cities kick upstairs inland became the market places for merchants and townsfolk. Cities like Atlanta for once were able to trade directly with the North. These cities expanded promptly and became enormous centers for great populations of people which are present today. Infrastructure, factories, and towns popped-up where they never would have exis ted without the introduction of the railroad. The Reconstruction Era was a period of time in American history which was represented by a country in shambles, a country divided not only by the famous Mason-Dixie line but on grounds of ethics and morals.A country that had been devastated by war, and there existed points at which the conflict was not only between the North and South but also against the President of the United States like that of President Andrew Johnson. Starting from almost nothing, the Union was able to reassemble eventually into a united nation. The country was by no means unified on their perspectives such as politics or blacks place in society, but at least they were once again one union. Although unified once more, the reclassification of the black man in society far out-did the importance associated with readmitting the South into the Union. A country dis identifyed on accounts of civil war is by no means an easy situation to deal with. The process by which Co ngress and the North as well as South had to undergo in order to become what we now call the United States is no less than a marvel. But a greater success story can be found within the decade or so we call the Reconstruction Era.The freedom allotted to the black men that were once under white control is short incredible. Not only was slavery abolished and black men allowed to vote thanks to the fifteenth amendment, but they finally took hold in American life with their own communities and establishments. There exists no other pointin American history besides the Revolutionary War that a group of people fought so hard, in desperation for their rights and the opportunity to live freely with the ability to reap nearly the same benefits as their takings parts, the white man. Within 12 years the black men were no longer slaves to a wealthy plantation owner, and no longer were they limited in society due to the belief that they were completely ignorant, but were now part of a nation tha t took significant progress in making blacks their equals. Although not perfect, an completed race was finally being recognized by society as a product-full part of society.A shattered nation was by no means an understatement in describing the condition of America following the Civil War. Not only having the overwhelming task of coming to terms of agreements with the succeeded states in order to re-unify the country, the country was also placed with another enormous situation, having to redefine the status of blacks in American Society. America has marveled many over its history, and has not let-up in its ability to amaze those in the accomplishments and advances made during this period of time. Whether it be the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, or the fact that by 1870 the once divided nation was whole again.America has the ability to flog even with the odds against them. The railroad system not only penetrated the South, but created a lasting impact like that of bustling towns which have now grown into tremendous cities such as Atlanta. Public education finally came to the forefront with the creation of Universities still prominent today like that of Fisk University. However far by and at the same time inter-related the objectives of the Reconstruction Era were, the re-admittance of the South into the Union was not the highlight of the late 19th century, but masked by the success story of the redefining of the black man in American society.

Marketing and Nike Swot Analysis Essay

Nike Swot Analysis Strengths* A very profession all toldy hawkish comp some(prenominal).* Has ownership of no physical factories so production hold up be moved to a much cost effective location when necessary.* Very well chumped among consumers.* Offers their products worldwide.* Have offices in forty cinque unlike countries.* Fortune 500 company.* Employs over thirty thousand people across the world.* Has a very severe marketing campaign that increases brand familiarity.* Chains of sell stores such as Niketown.* Has ventured into many an(prenominal) different rebranding opportunities with successful results.* Providing lightweight shoes by incorporating lunarlite foam materials.Read more http//www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.htmlixzz2IzMDg4a0 Swot Analysis Nike Weaknesses* pays be largely dependent on the foot acquit on products while other branded products ar not as strong.* History of violations of over time laws and minimum wage rates in Vie tnam.* Accusations of poor conditions in the work place.* Accusations of exploiting workforces that will work for cheap in overseas countries.* Constant focal point for negative criticism by the anti- worldwideization groups.Read more http//www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.htmlixzz2IzMHweg2 Swot Analysis Nike Opportunities* Creating disportswear items by incorporating the waste from veritable(a) manufacturing.* Stepping into the line of economy boosting projects that will encourage recycling.* Product development that changes as the trends change.* Expansion into sport sunglasses and jewelry lines.* Expansion in the global markets to create larger brand recognition.* Reducing controversy border their trade and production practices.Read more http//www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.htmlixzz2IzMJaFq6Swot Analysis Nike Threats* Operating business internationally opens them to the possibilities of funds value fluctuations that can lead to losses.* Competitors ar becoming more aggressive and creating high quality products that be taking from the profits of NIKE.* Sensitivity to footing among consumers leads them to purchase the most cost effective pair of sports shoes.* Maintaining the reputation of being eco-friendly.* Managing the financial conditions in the economy today.Read more http//www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.htmlixzz2IzMLVeVpSWOT NikeFebruary 26, 2010 By Hitesh Bhasin Leave a CommentSWOT ANALYSISStrengths* Nike is the worlds no. 1 shoemaker. It designs and sells shoes for a grade of sports including baseball, golf, cheerleading, volleyball, tennis and football. * Nike uses a Make to Stock customer order which provides a fast service to customers from obtainable stock. * Nike operates Nike Town shoe and sportswear stores, Nike factory outlets and Nike Women shops. Nike sells its products throughout US and in more than 180 countries. * Nike is strong at research and development , as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. They then invent wheresoever they can produce high quality product at the lowest possible price. * Nike is a global brand. It is the number one sports brand in the World. Its famous Swoosh is instantly recognizable, and Phil knight (Founder and CEO) even has it tattooed on his ankle.Weaknesses* The income of the business is still severely dependent upon its mete out of the footwear market. This may leave it vulnerable if for any reason its market share erodes. * The retail sector is very price sensitive. However, most of its income is derived from sell into retailers. Retailers die hard to offer a very similar experience to the consumer. So margins tend to get squeezed as retailers rise to pass some of the low price competition pressure onto Nike. Opportunities* Product development offers Nike many opportunities. The brand is fiercely defended by its owners whom truly believe that Nike is not a fashion brand howe ver consumers that wear Nike product do not always buy it to participate in sport. In youth grow especially, Nike is a fashion brand. This creates its own opportunities, s * There is alike the opportunity to develop products such as sport wear, sunglasses and jewellery. such(prenominal) high value items do tend to name associated with them, high profit * The business could also be developed internationally, building upon its strong global brand recognition. There are also global marketing events that can be utilised to support the brand such as the World Cup (soccer) and The Olympics.Threats* Nike is exposed to the international nature of trade. It buys and sells in different currencies and so costs and margins are not stable over long periods of time. Such an exposure could mean that Nike may be manufacturing and/or selling at a loss. This is an issue that faces all global brands. * The market for sports shoes and garments is very competitive. Competitors are developing alternat ive brands to take away Nikes market share.SWOT Analysis Nike, Inc.Would you like a lesson on SWOT analysis?Strengths.* Nike is a very competitive organization. Phil Knight (Founder and CEO) is often quoted as reflexion that business is war without bullets. Nike has a healthy dislike of is competitors. At the Atlanta Olympics, Reebok went to the expense of sponsoring the games. Nike did not. However Nike sponsored the tip athletes and gained valuable coverage. * Nike has no factories. It does not tie up cash in buildings and manufacturing workers. This makes a very hunt organization.Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. They then manufacture wherever they can produce high quality product at the lowest possible price. If prices rise, and products can be made more cheaply elsewhere (to the same or emend specification), Nike will move production. * Nike is a global brand. It is the number one sports brand in the W orld. Its famous Swoosh is instantly recognisable, and Phil Knight even has it tattooed on his ankle.Weaknesses.* The organization does have a diversified range of sports products. However, the income of the business is still heavily dependent upon its share of the footwear market. This may leave it vulnerable if for any reason its market share erodes. * The retail sector is very price sensitive. Nike does have its own retailer in Nike Town. However, most of its income is derived from selling into retailers. Retailers tend to offer a very similar experience to the consumer. Can you tell one sports retailer from another? So margins tend to get squeezed as retailers try to pass some of the low price competition pressure onto Nike.Your marketing qualificationWere delighted to offer you online marketing courses which give you sum up flexibility and the freedom to learn marketing when you like from anywhere in the world. You can sign up to a course today. It takes 5 minutes Marketing T eacher is the most popular marketing study content site in the world. You can gain certification and qualifications from Marketing Teacher.Opportunities.* Product development offers Nike many opportunities. The brand is fiercely defended by its owners whom truly believe that Nike is not a fashion brand. However, like it or not, consumers that wear Nike product do not always buy it to participate in sport. Some would repugn that in youth culture especially, Nike is a fashion brand. This creates its own opportunities, since product could become unfashionable forrader it wears out i.e. consumers need to replace shoes.* There is also the opportunity to develop products such as sport wear, sunglasses and jewellery. Such high value items do tend to have associated with them, high profits. * The business could also be developed internationally, building upon its strong global brand recognition. There are many markets that have the disposable income to spend on high value sports goods. F or example, emerging markets such as China and India have a new richer generation of consumers. There are also global marketing events that can be utilised to support the brand such as the World Cup (soccer) and The Olympics.Threats.* Nike is exposed to the international nature of trade. It buys and sells in different currencies and so costs and margins are not stable over long periods of time. Such an exposure could mean that Nike may be manufacturing and/or selling at a loss. This is an issue that faces all global brands. * The market for sports shoes and garments is very competitive. The model developed by Phil Knight in his Stamford Business School days (high value branded product manufactured at a low cost) is promptly commonly used and to an extent is no longer a basis for sustainable competitive advantage. Competitors are developing alternative brands to take away Nikes market share.* As discussed above in weaknesses, the retail sector is becoming price competitive. This ult imately means that consumers are shopping around for a better deal. So if one store charges a price for a pair of sports shoes, the consumer could go to the store along the street to compare prices for the exactly the same item, and buy the cheaper of the two. Such consumer price sensitivity is a potential drop external threat to Nike.

Apollo Group Essay

The Apollo free radical was founded by John Sterling, a professor at San Jose State University, in 1976. They are a for-profit didacticsal provider that specializes in educating workings adults. The Apollo Group has many subsidiaries both domestic and abroad.The University of capital of Arizona- the largest private university in the United States Institute for Professional Development- a consultant service that provides private colleges and universities in the US with adult education program development, administration and forethought support The College for Financial Planning Institutes- a national leader in providing financial services education the and certification to people and companies in the financial services industry Meritus University- an online university with arcdegree programs in Canada Apollo Global Inc- a partnership with The Carlyle Group that invest in international education services in various countries The University of Phoenix is their main subsidiary and has an enrollment of over 550,000 students.They provide undergraduate, masters and doctorial programs both online and at on-campus locations in 40 states. Since the University of Phoenix is a for-profit educator, they recognize their students as customers and have tailored their business to fit the educational needs of their customers. Their programs are geared toward working adults they are able to educate their customers at a fast pace with low overhead. They have simple online platforms that are easy to use and their on-campus locations consist of basic classrooms. Since their primary(a) customers are working adults and commuting students, they do non invest in building dorms, student unions or recreational facilities at these on-campus locations. Current IssuesWhile this business model has been profitable for Apollo Group, there are many concerns that leave behind force them to adjust their plan. Because of the perception that online classes are ineffective, and proprietary colleges and universities are degree factories that are non providing a quality education, prestigious universities are sticking with traditional programs. This perception is shared by potency students and their employers. Apollo needs to improve the re displaceation of their brand. The national government has put some regulations in place to witness that proprietary educators are educating students and not pushing them through their programs and granting degrees to create a revenue stream from federal official financial aid and student bestows.The Gainful Employment Rule- If programs fail the three test of gainful duty three times in a four year span they leave behind not be eligible to receive federal financial aid dollars. The 90/10 Rule- If the institution get more than than 90% of its cash revenue from student loans, the institution cannot participate in student federal loan programs. Student Loan Defaults- The federal government sets a three year default limit on coho rts of students. If the students loan default rate of the cohort drops below the limit, the institution cannot participate in student federal loan programs.In addition to the negitive reputation and government regulations, the Apollo Group is facing competition from both traditional and proprietary educators. As the technology increases, more schools are investing in their distance learning programs. Apollo pass on need to find a way to differentiate themselves from these institutions. RecommendationsI think the Apollo Group should leverage the relationships that their other subsidiaries have built with their clients, as well as the ones their professors have with their employers, to get input on redesigning their degree programs. If done properly these programs will set industry standards and change the reputation of the University of Phoenix. These redesigned programs should create more interlocking opportunities for their graduates and help them pass gainful employment test. W orking with major wads to create these programs and gaining their public endorsement will give them an advantage over their competitors.While their business model does not include the extra amenities of a traditional university, the University of Phoenix needs to invest in career counseling and job stance services to help their students find good jobs, this will increase the likelihood of being in meekness with federal regulations. They should also develop a business case showing how the 90/10 bump will cause them to deny enrollment to low income students and petition elected officials who serve low income areas to transform some of the federal regulations that they are governed by. Wall Street MetricsAs of this writing, The Apollo Group, with a ticker symbol of APOL is trading at $20.83 per share. Its 52-week high was $29.47 and its low was $15.98. It has a P.E. ratio of 8.54% compared to 24.38% of the S&P 500 and 36.39% for the sector. Its dividend consent to is 0 compared to 1.85 of the S&P 500 and 2.14 of the sector. It has a Beta measurement of 0.70. Based upon my analysis, I would not currently purchase this stock. Post ScriptThe University of Phoenix recently had some trouble retaining their accreditation. A partner group with The Higher Learning Commission, a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, recommended that they be put on probation. Specifically, the review team concluded that the University of Phoenix has insufficient autonomy relative to its parent corporation and sole shareholder, Apollo Group, Inc., to assure that its board of directors can manage the institution, assure the universitys integrity, exercise the boards fiduciary responsibilities and make decisions necessary to achieve the institutions mission and successful operation.1 The Apollo Group was able to work with the HLCs Institutional Actions Council First Committee to retain its regional accreditation, but that the university will be placed on not ice for two years. In efforts to retain students by reducing the represent of care, the university has created a scholarship reward program that gives eligible undergraduate degree students up to $10,000 in tuition reductions. They also instituted a tuition freeze so students will not have tuition increases as long as they are consistently enrolled in classes.

Forced distribution system

though legion(predicate) researchers corroborate pointed out several drawbacks in FADS, due to the absence of any suitable alternative, it has been (and continues to be) adopted by many industries over a long period of time. The purpose of this paper Is to point out some overserious limitations of this body and bid a simple modification to overcome these limitations. Design/ mannerology/approach FADS determines the relation back positions of the employees involved in similar work by comparing them against virtuoso a nonher, and based on their implementation, the employees secure unalike grades.Here the authors use the Likelier scaling method to convert these grades into numerical scores, then these scores ar utilise to estimate the second-rate doing of each group of employees, which Is insinuatered to as the group Index. Taking these group Indices Into consideration, the authors propose a modeled carrying into action score of each employee for their final rating. E fficiencies of the actual FADS and the proposed modified version atomic number 18 compared using a simple measure of rank correlation dwelln as the Sandals taut-statistic.Findings Extensive trick studies show that the modified algorithm is uniformly better than the existing one over various schemes for allotments of employees to respectful projects, and depending on the allocation scheme, It slew lead to substantial Improvement. Relationally/value This paper can be judgement dodge based on a hale distri just nowion and the outgrowth that provides a simple but effective solution which can be adopted by the institutions using FADS for carrying out judgement.Keywords surgery appraisal, statistical methods, Human resource management Paper type Research paper 1 Introduction Performance evaluation is regarded as one of the most powerful human resource raciest (Judges and Ferris, 1993 Murphy and Cleveland, 1995, p. 4). It provides a vindication for human resource decis ion such as rewards, career planning, transfers, training, counseling, mentoring, termination, etc.Performance appraisal provides the employer an opportunity to communicate with the employees around the mission, strategy, vision, values and objectives of the organization, and it personalizes organizational strategy into item-by-item mathematical process criteria. It has been observed that employee motivations to perform, to develop capabilities and to improve future filename extension are influenced by the cognitive operation appraisal system (Land et al. , 1978 The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for providing several stabilising comments and suggestions that led to substantial improvement of the article.Despite the importance of a slaying evaluation system, extensive studies in this theater of operations have identified significant shortcomings in its applications that include different types of divergees stemming from rating errors, sources of slaying information and individual differences (Arrive and Murphy, 1998). Among these various shortcomings, rating bias is the most predominant area of research, which indicates the tendency of the raters to provide lenient or stringent rating (Beret et al. 992 Runes et al. , 2002). This systematic bias leads to lack of discrimination between high and minuscule performance and automatically disrupts the whole essence of performance decades, several researchers have explored different methods to overcome the rating bias and to improve the accuracy of performance evaluation system (Goff et al. , 1996). Studies on performance evaluation are generally focused on two types of appraisal systems absolute and relative.In an absolute rating system, individual performance is evaluated against a pre-determined standard, whereas a relative evaluation yester determines the relative positions of different employees by comparing them against one another (Duffy and Webber, 1974). Though there are advantages and dis advantages in both of these systems, some studies have pointed out the superiority of the relative mark system over the absolute one (He-man, 1986 Nathan and Alexander, 1988 Wander and Goofing, 1997).Many renowned organizations including General Electric (GE), Hen, Microsoft, American bring and Goldman Cash have used and some still use relative grading system for performance evaluation in the form of a forced dispersal system (FADS) (Grotto, 2005). FADS was developed in an examine to directly deal with the problems of rater leniency and lack of discrimination while measuring an individuals performance (McCarty, 1988).This system forces the managers to divert between high and low performers either by sorting the employees into some pre-determined performance categories based on a pre-defined distribution or by rank them on the basis of their relative performance (Gurgling et al. , 2004). The first process is alike known as the criterion- commendation rating, while the second on e is known as the norm- reference rating (Visionary and Ones, 2000 Visionary, 2001).The wide use of FADS as an objective measure of employee performance was mostly popularized by hole Welch at the beginning of his tenure at GE under the name of vitality curve (Bossily and Charka, 2002 fidgety and Sherman, 2001). Welch introduced this system to develop an objective measure to discriminate between high and low performer so that the culture of rewarding doers can be established, which in turn can be helpful for mental synthesis muscle of the organization. In GE and many other organizations, FADS is considered as a developmental instrument for achieving a performance-oriented culture.Though FADS has several advantages, many organizations have been observed to perceive this system negatively (Rock et al. , 2007). Many researchers and practitioners have overly pointed out that a forced distribution in performance evaluation leads to extreme point level of business line dissatisfactio n among the employees with high potential to perform (Gray, 2002 Madman, 2006 Prefer and Sutton, 2006). In practice, a relatively low-performing member in a high- performing team can often be better than the best performer in an average performing team.The FADS is used to evaluate the members working in different roofs or teams separately, and the rigidity of this system forces the companies to call on the carpet all low performers of each and every group. As a result, some high-potential performers may be asked to bring home the bacon the Job or they may leave the organization voluntarily due to dissatisfaction. The negative consequences of this performance evaluation system have been observed in many organizations. For instance, Ford had a well-publicized unsuccessful experience with a forced ranking support this ranking system at all.Many employees, who had received positive feedback for years, were utterly categorized as under performers. As a result, dozens of Ford employee s and ex-employees sued the company because of this system of evaluation. Vishnu et al. (2006) analyse the long-term effect of the bell curve, which is a form of forced distribution, on organizational dynamics. match to their views, pressure of the bell curve can facilitate the performance to a certain level, but constant quantity pressure demoralizes the employees. As the company shrinks, the rigid distribution of the bell curve forces the manager to categorize a high performer as a mediocre one.Also, it is often adoptd that the employees identified as low reformers, on account of their unsatisfactory performance, are usually replaced every year by fresh talent, who can add up to the output of the organization. Here we may argue that the likelihood of the presence of sorry performers amongst these crude additions is another possibility, which can adversely affect the system. Moreover, from the financial point of view, replacement of the employees with the fresh talent is also a costly affair. Blame et al. 2009) conducted a study on a student population to sympathise their reactions towards different types of FADS, and pointed out that less trending consequences for low performer is the most powerful variable in determine the attractions towards different types of FADS. On the basis of this study, we may assume that the organization, where stringency is higher for the low performers, has less happening to get higher number of Job applicants. In company to overcome these limitations of the forced ranking appraisal system and to protect the employees with high potential, Vishnu et al. 2006) proposed to use an evaluation system based on the semi-bell curve, where kind of of set fixed proportions of employees into different groups of performance levels, an organization adjusts these proportions depending on the set of employees it is dealing with. However, the adjustment scheme they proposed was inherent and somewhat ad hoc. Instead of using the semi-bel l curve, an organization can use any other curves as well, or it can nonetheless use different curves for different set of workers involved in different projects. It depends entirely on the company policy, and we have no prerogative to decide that.So, in this paper, we do not recommend the use of any particular curve. Here, we repose a modified algorithm for forced ranking performance appraisal that can be used irrespective of the nature of the curve(s) used by the companies for the evaluation of their employees. In the existing sections, we assume the bell curve appraisal system for the demonstration of our method. However, the description of our method will make it clear that our modification is not limited to the bell curve system, and it can even be used when a company adopts different types of curves or distributions for evaluation of its employees involved in different projects. . Objectives of the study The main objectives of our study are given below evaluation of the pres ent appraisal system under different schemes of allocation of workers and identifying the limitations of the forced ranking appraisal system propose a tonicfound method for performance appraisal to overcome these limitations and extensive comparison between the proposed and the existing method of performance appraisal to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method. The next three sections address each of these objectives in turn. . Evaluation of the forced ranking performance appraisal system First, we carry out emulation studies to evaluate the performance of the existing forced ranking appraisal system. Let us consider an organization with 3,000 employees. Suppose that there are 30 projects run by the organization, and 100 employees are involved in each of these projects. For the time being, we assume that the potentials of these employees are known and they perform according to their potentials.We generate 3,000 observations from a normal distribution with cerebrate 50 a nd standard deviation 10 (so that almost observation lie in the (O, 100) range) and consider them as full-strength potentials of different employees. Here we consider two different allocation schemes for assigning the employees to different projects, and we will refer to them as random allocation and extreme allocation, respectively. In random allocation, the employees are randomly assigned to different projects. In extreme allocation, employees having similar potentials are assigned to the same project.For instance, the 100 employees having the highest potentials are assigned to one project, the next 100 employees to another project and so on. In each of these two cases, we evaluate the performance of the employees involved in each project, and the grades are located to them following the bell curve system. Assume that the organization uses six different Grades A (best)-F (worst) for its employees, and in the bell curve system, the proportions of employees to receive these grades are PA h if h 1?F(2), BP h PEP h F(2)?F(1) and PC h PDP h F(1)?O. , where ? ) is the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal variant ( Johnson et al. , 1995). Now, one may be curious to know how FADS perform in such situations. In order to investigate this, we compute the correlation coefficient between the potentials of the employees and the grades obtained by them and use it as a measure of efficiency of the appraisal system. Same grade, we use the Sandals t-statistic (Kendall, 1938) as an sequester measure of correlation.Note that unlike the product moment correlation coefficient, this statistic is invariant under any monotonically increasing transformation. So, instead of normal distribution, if we generate 3,000 observations from any other distribution, the efficiency measure based on the Sandals t-statistic will repose the same. In the case of random allocation, the existing method performed sort of well, and it led to a rank correlation of 0. 716. But in the case of extreme allocation, it had drastically poor performance.The rank correlation turned out to be 0. 024. So, essentially there was no correlation between the potentials of the employees and the grades obtained by them, and the forced ranking system was as bad as random grading. Note that random allocation of workers to different projects is presumed rare in practice. Usually the employees are assigned to different projects based on their expertise, and also depending on the difficulty level of the project.Therefore, it is not so rare that the employees having higher potentials are assigned to high-end projects, and hose having relatively lower potentials are assigned to low-end projects. In such cases, the existing performance appraisal system will perform poorly, and as a result some of the high (low) potential workers will get lower (higher) grades. Being unsatiable with the grading, some of these high-potential workers may lose motivation to work hard and some of them may l eave the organization for a new Job.This is quite harmful for organizational functioning. In practice, in many cases, the allocation of the workers in an organization is somewhere between the totally random allocation and the extreme allocation. From the above discussion, it is quite transparent that in such cases, the existing appraisal system may save have a moderate performance depending on the extremity of the allocation scheme. This clearly shows the necessity to develop a new method for performance appraisal, which can have satisfactory performance even in the case of extreme allocation.We develop one such method in the next section. 4. Modification to the forced ranking performance appraisal system a new method for performance appraisal The existing method of performance appraisal simply considers the present years elating performance of the employees involved in the same project, and the grades are allocated to them only based on their present performance. Because of this r elative grading, an employee in a high-performing team can get poor grades in spite of performing better than all other members in an average performing team.In order to overcome this limitation, here we take the previous years grades of the employees into consideration. Suppose that there are n employees working in a particular project, and Gig is the grade obtained by the tit employee (I h 1, 2, y, n) in the previous years appraisal. In order to develop a modified appraisal system, we assume that the individual performance of the employees may commute from their previous years performance, but the average performance of these n employees remains almost the same. For computing this average performance, we follow the Likelier, (1932) scaling method.It is a statistical tool that converts the Grades Gig into numerical scores s(Gig) and makes it possible to calculate the mean score I h for this group of employees. Though here we assume that the performance evaluation is through with( p) once in a year, this method can be used when the evaluation cycle has shorter or larger eroticism or even when it is periodic. Let us assume that a company uses a total of K Grades AAA, AAA, y, AK in the appraisal system, where AAA and AK denote the highest and the lowest grades, respectively.Also assume that it puts the best performing Pl proportion of employees in AAA, the next up proportion in AAA and so on. Therefore, the worst performing PC proportion (here Pl up pep PC h 1) of employees receive the Grade AK. So, if we assume that the performance of the employees are normally distributed (this is the assumption the companies made when they adopt the bell curve system), the mean of a interchange tankard normal distribution with truncation at and above the (1 ?up)the quintile of the standard normal distribution can be used as the score function for AAA .